Kairos -- awareness of the appropriate time and place to draw on and to make an argument -- suggests the possibilyt of achieveing an advantage with optimal placement of arguments, propitious timing, or a combination of the two.
Six parts of discourse (specifically from cicero's courtroom days, but applicable to other discourses as well ):
1. Indroduction (exordium)
2. Statemnet of the issue (narratio)
3. division of the issue into its contituent parts (partitio)
4. Rhetor's strongest arguments (confirmation)
5. anticipation and refutation of oppositional arguments (refutatio)
6. conclusion (peroratio)
Kinds of cases (methods of argument):
- Honorable (needs no exordium)
- difficult
- mean (insignificant, trivial to audience)
- ambiguous
- obscure
Exordium: Often used to establish ethos
Two exordia for handling different kinds of cases"
- Introduction for mean, ambigous or obsure cases
mean: must concince audience that the issue is important to make them attentive.
ambigious: doubt arises because audience doesn't understand the issue. must clarify.
obscure: audience cannot follow the arguments used in support of an issue. must uses plain language and briefly tough on all points.
- Insinuation for difficult cases (theses" unobtrusivley steal into the mind" of audiences, says Cicero)
Scandalous topic: rhetor admits to thinking said topic is scandlaous, but notes that neither she nor audience is tainted by the scandal.
ideological differences: rhetor admits to difference of opinion and attacks strongest argument against position.
weariness about topic: rhetor promises that she will be brief
topics for making audiences attentive (pg. 230;)
topics for making audiences receptive (pg. 231)
Narrative: states issue as clearly as possible. not meant to be persuasive; rather, to show rhetor's knowledge and succinctness in order to build credibiliyt.
May be based on conjecture, definition, values, procedure, others?
Sometimes moure than just a simiple statement is desired for a strong narrative
- background/history
- establish why there is a disupute/controversy
- attact the opposition to make a stonger point
- add vivid exampels (historical or ficitonal)
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EXERCISE. Ananda, kylie, chad, andrew
1. Mean.
Raise your hand if you want to go to college. Ok, for those of you who didn't raise your hand, look at those who raised their hands. They have a better chance of getting a job and being successful than you.
2. Difficult
1 in 5 auto fatalities occur from red light infractions.Cities like Cary have adopted the red light camearas and have 20% less red light infractions than similar-sized cities.
3. Difficult
Although abortion is a controversial topic, planned parenthood isn't just used for abortions but to encourage women's health in general.
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